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Ciencia y filosofía
La filosofía es la disciplina que por excelencia se ocupa del pensamiento. Los filósofos siguen siendo esos “enamorados de la sabiduría” cuya labor consiste en preguntarse cosas acerca de la vida y el mundo. Los científicos, por el contrario, son vistos como personajes que se ocupan de una labor más práctica: realizar experimentos para poner a prueba sus hipótesis sobre cómo funciona la naturaleza. Cuando un científico se enfrenta a una pregunta que no puede contestar, es frecuente que responda “eso es muy filosófico”, dando a entender que no se debería perder el tiempo con ese tipo de temas. Sin embargo, la relación entre ciencia y filosofía es muy antigua y estrecha. De hecho, las diferentes ciencias surgieron históricamente como parte de la filosofía, y luego fueron independizándose conforme dejaron de ser disciplinas basadas primordialmente en la reflexión para convertirse en actividades centradas en la experimentación.
Existe una rama de la filosofía que aborda exclusivamente los problemas de la ciencia. Algunos son los siguientes: ¿Qué tan bien funcionan las teorías científicas como representaciones de la realidad? ¿Qué distingue a la ciencia de otras formas de conocimiento? ¿Cómo deciden los científicos abandonar una teoría para adoptar otra? Y finalmente la pregunta de los 64 mil pesos: ¿por qué funciona la ciencia?
Porque, a pesar de lo que pudiera pensarse, no es para nada obvio que la ciencia nos proporcione conocimiento objetivo de la naturaleza: sólo nos brinda modelos e interpretaciones que pueden ser más o menos correctas o engañosas. De hecho, no puede demostrarse que la ciencia sea intrínsecamente superior a otras formas de conocimiento. Y sin embargo, los resultados prácticos que ofrece son incomparablemente más efectivos que los de cualquier otra forma de abordar la realidad. Incluso, algunos filósofos han desarrollado recientemente una “epistemología evolucionista” que sugiere que la ciencia es una adaptación de nuestra especie cuya función es aumentar nuestras posibilidades de supervivencia: la ciencia como producto de la evolución.
Todo científico debería conocer algo de filosofía de la ciencia. Desgraciadamente hay muchos que no sólo no la conocen, sino que la desprecian o incluso la ven como algo amenazante. Y es una lástima, porque no se puede trabajar bien en algo si no se sabe cómo funciona.
Si las ciencias son actividades centradas en la experimentación, se puede inferir que tienen como ultima finalidad ________ la realidad.
Inglés
Choose the correct answer for each question according to the information in the text. Each line is numbered to help you identify them quickly.
| Sunflowers Make Bees Poop—a Lot. Here's Why That's Good | |
|---|---|
| Paragraph | Text |
| [1] | Bumblebees and other pollinators face many threats, including pesticide exposure, |
| [2] | climate change, habitat loss due to agriculture and development, and pathogens |
| [3] | that ravage multiple species. But a recent finding may help lighten their load. |
| [4] | Previous studies have shown sunflower pollen can work like a medicine for |
| [5] | bumblebees afflicted by a parasite called Crithidia bombi, a single-celled organism |
| [6] | that takes up residence in the bee's gut [and harms their health]. But scientists couldn't |
| [7] | explain how sunflower pollen vanquished C. bombi—did it boost the bees' immune |
| [8] | function, or perhaps poison the parasite directly? |
| [9] | New research, published in the Journal of Insect Physiology, shows the answer is |
| [10] | deceptively simple. "Sunflower pollen makes bumblebees poo a whole lot," says lead |
| [11] | author Jonathan Giacomini, which flushes the parasite out. |
| [12] | Plant products like nectar and pollen are a treasure trove of potential insect medicines |
| [13] | that scientists are just beginning to understand, he adds. "There are natural things out |
| [14] | there that bees are interacting with that can be beneficial for them," Giacomini says. |
| [15] | And by making changes to the landscape, scientists hope we can help give bees a |
| [16] | fighting chance. |
| [17] | Plant power |
| [18] | If you happen upon a fuzzy, buzzing, flying creature in eastern North America, there's |
| [19] | a strong chance it's a common eastern bumblebee (Bombus impatiens). Yellow and |
| [20] | black striped with a rump covered in soft hairs, they're social insects that live in |
| [21] | colonies and love a good crevice—they build their homes in birdhouses, woodpiles, |
| [22] | abandoned burrows, and dense grasses. |
| [23] | [They] are important pollinators, both in the wild and in agriculture, where they're raised |
| [24] | and used to pollinate crops including tomatoes and pumpkins. Like other pollinators, |
| [25] | bumblebees face many threats, and C. bombi isn't even the biggest bumblebee |
| [26] | bugaboo. On its own, the parasite doesn't have much of an effect on a bumblebee's |
| [27] | health. But when food is scarce, C. bombi can shorten a bee's lifespan and even |
| [28] | reduce the number of young queens a colony can produce. |
| [29] | Lynn Adler is an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Massachusetts Amherst |
| [30] | who studies interactions between plants and insects. For years, she and longtime |
| [31] | collaborator Rebecca Irwin at North Carolina State University suspected pollinators |
| [32] | might be getting dosed by flowers since plants often invest chemically active |
| [33] | compounds into their nectar and pollen to help their genetic payload arrive at |
| [34] | its destination. |
| [35] | "Many plant defensive compounds can be medicinal at certain doses," Adler says. After |
| [36] | all, "most of our human medicines come from plants." |
| [37] | Giacomini discovered the effect of sunflower pollen as an undergraduate working in |
| [38] | Adler's lab in 2018. From [these] very first tests, sunflower pollen dramatically reduced |
| [39] | C. bombi parasite load in common eastern bumblebees, often clearing infection |
| [40] | completely. "We've been shocked at how consistent and effective sunflower pollen |
| [41] | has been," Adler says. |
| Elizabeth Anne Brown, National Geographic | |
On which of the following elements did Giacomini base the underlined comment in line 10?
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